Search Application Notes & Cards
Learn how to configure Rohde & Schwarz products to fit your application. Search our database by product, technology, or application to find relevant technical documents.
Search Application Notes & Cards
Learn how to configure Rohde & Schwarz products to fit your application. Search our database by product, technology, or application to find relevant technical documents.
1118 Results
R&S®NESTOR cellular network analysis software supports law enforcement agencies in alibi verification by analyzing mobile network traces. R&S®NESTOR gives users reliable confirmation of whether an individual’s mobile phone was at a specific location at the time of a crime.
10-Apr-2024
All electronic devices have capacitive or inductive parts that that generate inrush current when switched on. This is more than just a part of operations – it is a vital aspect and demands keen oversight. The R&S®NPA power analyzers are the right instrument for the job.
28-Mar-2024
Today’s electronic devices often draw non-sinusoidal, irregular current where harmonic current is fed back into the universal supply system. Monitoring this current is both crucial and mandatory for CE compliant devices. The R&S®NPA701 compliance tester seamlessly and efficiently monitors this current.
28-Mar-2024
Today’s electronic devices often draw non-sinusoidal, irregular current where harmonic current is fed back into the universal supply system. Monitoring this current is both crucial and mandatory for CE compliant devices. The R&S®NPA701 compliance tester seamlessly and efficiently monitors this current.
27-Mar-2024
O-RAN radio units (O-RU) contribute significantly to the high power consumption of 5G networks. Making O-RUs energy efficient without sacrificing O-RAN innovations is a top priority.
19-Mar-2024
R&S®NESTOR cellular network analysis software supports law enforcement agencies (LEA) in forensics activities and crime scene investigations (CSI) by gathering information through analysis of surrounding mobile networks. R&S®NESTOR increases public safety by reducing crime scene investigation time by up to 50 %.
14-Mar-2024
The automotive industry is undergoing a transformative shift towards electrification. Precise measurement and analysis of electric drivetrains are vital to improved performance, efficiency and reliability. MXO oscilloscopes have become an essential test tool for these measurements, with real-time insight into voltage and current waveforms that let engineers and technicians explore the intricate mechanisms to improve drivetrain performance and efficiency.
12-Mar-2024
P25 and FRMCS scanning
Key points: Critical Infrastructure: Learn about mission-critical communication for various agencies who deal with Public Safety such as first responders, police, firefighters, medics and its crucial role in ensuring safety of society.Reliability of Communication: Understand the challenges posed by mission-critical communication, highlighting performance and reliability needs and special requirements such as safe group communications.Technology Migration: Delve into the migration of mission-critical communication from long-standing narrow-band technologies to broadband use cases considering migration timelines.Measurement Techniques: Explore network measurement methods for passive testing of legacy MCX technologies planned to be used in the networks for quite some time (a later release of the document will focus on the broadband successors)
12-Mar-2024 | AN-No. 8NT12
Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) is a pillar of 6G. Combining two different yet similar worlds – communications and environmental sensing – brings the future to life in the 6G era. The key ISAC drivers are beamforming with MIMO arrays, artificial intelligence (AI), modern modulation schemes and dense network infrastructure. The R&S®AREG800A automotive radar echo generator is a core element of a versatile research and development test solution in the ISAC community.
11-Mar-2024
Transformers are passive devices that are primarily used to convert or "transform" alternating current (AC) from one voltage level to another. One very common application of transformers is in AC to DC power supplies, in which mains voltage is stepped down before being rectified and filtered to produce DC. There are numerous other applications for transformers, such as providing electrical isolation or for impedance matching.This educational note provides a brief technical introduction to measurements made on the types of transformers used in electronics. These transformers are typically physically small, work on relatively low voltages or powers, and are used for “indoor” applications. Although many of the testing concepts described below also apply to the larger, higher-power "outdoor" transformers used for electrical power distribution, the specific tests and test procedures for these types of transformers are often specified by standards bodies such as the IEEE and may differ substantially from the types of measurements described here.Read this educational note and dive into the discussion about the six most important transformer measurements: turns ratio, mutual inductance, phase angle, primary and secondary inductance, leakage inductance, and interwinding capacitance.
28-Feb-2024
Mobile network operators worldwide face cost pressures and escalating network complexity. The advent of 5G-NR has ushered in new use cases and flexibility, but it also comes with more stringent performance and availability requirements.Machine Learning can serve as a catalyst for the market to unearth deep insights that would otherwise remain concealed. It can also significantly streamline everyday tasks by fostering a smarter system that guides users through their routine work processes, rather than obliging them to repeat each (manual) step. Rohde & Schwarz Mobile Network Testing has focused its efforts on delivering Machine Learning use cases that distill relevant insights from drive testing data, thereby offering substantial benefits to users.This educational note explains the motivation and reasoning why this kind of approach is needed, what are the benefits of the machine learning offering and it takes a deeper look into how it can be used in various levels of statistical and technical analysis. Finally, this document provides real measurement results and analysis findings based on the Rohde & Schwarz post processing SW suite SmartAnalytics and its machine learning based features Call Stability Score and Network Utilization Rating.
28-Feb-2024 | AN-No. 8NT10
Part 1 of the Cable and Antenna verification series – essential for Mobile Networks
Key points: Critical Infrastructure: Learn why the antenna system, as part of mobile base stations, is irreplaceable and demands meticulous attention due to its impact on network quality and availability.Vulnerability to Environmental Factors: Understand the challenges posed by weather conditions and environmental stresses on antenna systems, highlighting the importance of robust design and maintenance.Fundamental Properties: Delve into the core concepts of antenna systems, gaining insights into their transmit and receive characteristics, which serve as the foundation for effective measurement and verification.Measurement Techniques: Explore various measurement methods for antenna systems, focusing on return loss and decoupling, and their significance in assessing system performance and integrity.
23-Feb-2024 | AN-No. 8NT11
Useful tips and tricks for your first measurement experience
Resistors, capacitors and inductors are the most basic components in electric circuits. It must be ensured that they work properly and accurately. Therefore, they need to be tested thoroughly during circuit design. This is usually done using LCR meters, which have become indispensable in the lab and in production. This application note looks at how to perform basic capacitor and inductor measurements accurately and reliably.
22-Feb-2024 | AN-No. 1GP142
With advanced FFT capabilities and unparalleled sensitivity and dynamic range, the MXO oscilloscopes are the perfect choice for electromagnetic interference (EMI) debugging. Swiftly and accurately detect and analyze EMI emanating from electronic circuits and boards with time-correlated RF analysis. Elevate your debugging experience with the fast performance of the MXO oscilloscopes.
07-Feb-2024
MIPI D-PHY is a low-power, cost-effective physical layer interface, essential in mobile devices and advanced technology systems. It's a high-speed, source-synchronous interface used in smartphone cameras, smartwatch displays, drones, in-car entertainment, automobile cameras, and radar sensors. This application note explores MIPI D-PHY's features, functionality, and testing practices for device compliance, addressing common issues. It highlights Rohde & Schwarz's equipment for ensuring compatibility and solving issues with MIPI D-PHY, aligned with MIPI D-PHY specification version 2.5.Developed by the MIPI Alliance, D-PHY connects cameras and displays to a host processor via CSI-2 or DSI protocols. It features a master-slave, asymmetrical design for reduced link complexity. Key aspects include a unidirectional clock, optional data signal directions, different data rates for half-duplex operation, point-to-point communication, and high-speed (HS) and low-power (LP) modes for data transfer and battery preservation. In HS mode, D-PHY uses differential signaling with specific impedance, while in LP mode, it operates in a single-ended manner with high impedance termination.The application note from Rohde & Schwarz provides insights into characterizing and debugging MIPI D-PHY, offering conformance verification with MIPI Alliance standards and protocol decoding options.
31-Jan-2024 | AN-No. 1SL410
This application note describes Methods of Implementation (MOI) for precise, fast, and error-free compliance testing of USB Type-C to legacy adapter assemblies supporting USB3.1 Gen1, and USB2.0. Based on 5 Gbps signaling per lane with vector network analyzers from Rohde & Schwarz.
18-Jan-2024 | AN-No. 1SL407
This application note describes Methods of Implementation (MOI) for precise, fast, and error-free compliance testing of USB Type-C to legacy cable assemblies supporting USB3.1 Gen2, USB3.1 Gen1, and USB2.0. Based on 5 Gbps signaling per lane with vector network analyzers from Rohde & Schwarz.
18-Jan-2024 | AN-No. 1SL406
Power converters with a full-bridge topology are frequently used in telecommunications and servers that need to be compact, efficient and cost sensitive, making them more complex. Switching patterns for all the main primary switches including synchronous rectifier switches need to be validated after the first protype is built. This complex validation requires proper measurement of switching patterns to prevent catastrophic switching patterns. Expertise and the right measurement tools are essential when identifying unexpected events in the converter switching process.
17-Jan-2024
The R&S®RTO6 oscilloscope has an in-depth tool for debugging custom and commercial off-the-shelf serial buses for the avionics and aerospace industries.
20-Dec-2023
Rohde & Schwarz offers a powerful tool for remote control of their oscilloscopes - the RsInstrument Python module. This module enables users to control and automate their Rohde & Schwarz test & measurement instruments, including oscilloscopes, through Python scripts or interactive console communication.
14-Dec-2023
New technologies and applications like 6G communications and sensing extend into sub-THz frequencies in the D band and beyond. New semiconductor technologies and processes need to be commercialized to support these efforts.
12-Dec-2023
This application note describes Methods of Implementation (MOI) for precise, fast, and error-free compliance testing of USB Type-C to Type-C cable assemblies supporting USB4 Gen3, USB4 Gen2, USB 3.2 Gen2, USB3.2 Gen1, and USB2.0.
30-Nov-2023 | AN-No. 1SL405
How I/Q noise cancellation can help significantly improve the EVM performance of your signal and spectrum analyzer.
16-Nov-2023
This application note describes Methods of Implementation (MOI) for precise, fast, and error-free compliance testing of USB 3.2 Legacy Cable Testing for USB Type A, Type B, and Micro family connector types. Based on 5 Gbps and 10 Gbps signaling per lane with vector network analyzers from Rohde & Schwarz.
09-Nov-2023 | AN-No. 1SL408
Stable operation in all circumstances is essential for power converters. Different working conditions, such as load steps, startup/shutdown sequences and input voltage variation, apply to most converter types. In addition to the standard feedback control loop, integrated pulse width modulation (PWM) controllers provide extended functions, such as line feed-forward loop control and soft-start control. These extended control functions improve regulation for specific conditions. Such complex regulation systems require smart methods to ensure proper operation of the converter in all modes. For this task, extensive expertise and the right measurement tools are essential for identifying and locating unexpected events in the system.
11-Oct-2023
Spectrum scans are beneficial for many use-cases such as troubleshooting, interference detection and interference hunting, or verification tasks like scheduler verification or other engineering tasks. A time-gated spectrum scan, which is a power spectrum scan which applies a time gate on uplink/downlink slots/symbols and/or the guard period reveals even more details in uplink/downlink or guard period power spectrum. This allows to focus on the uplink / downlink or guard period power spectrum in 5G NR TDD networks. This educational note explains use cases for spectrum measurements, the complexity in 5G TDD and its technology basics, and which problems can be solved with the described solution. The software used is R&S®ROMES4 together with a R&S®TSMx6 drive and walk test scanner.
21-Sep-2023 | AN-No. 8NT08
The R&S®CMW wideband radio communication tester platform (R&S®CMW500, R&S®CMW270) uses high accuracy distance measurements (HADM) with phase based ranging (PBR) for a comprehensive and fully automated test solution to verify Bluetooth® Low Energy physical layer functionality
06-Sep-2023
This application note addresses the diverse possibilities of interoperability between Rohde & Schwarz power sensors and Rohde & Schwarz signal generators. All current and many legacy Rohde & Schwarz signal generators offer the capability of directly connecting power sensors. This enables power measurements without the need of a base unit or separate PC to display the readings. Furthermore, sensors can be used for special tasks like filling a user correction table or continuously controlling levels at crucial points in the measurement configuration.
31-Aug-2023 | AN-No. 1GP141
The scope of this application note is to give a comprehensive guide on how the R&S®FSW signal and spectrum analyzer with the option R&S®FSW-K18 may be used to create a Hammerstein model for the R&S®SMW200A vector signal generator’s output stage. This model can then be applied to counteract inherent non-linearities and memory effects and improve the Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) at high output powers of the R&S®SMW200A vector signal generator.
28-Aug-2023 | AN-No. 1GP139
Modern societies worldwide depend on the performance, reliability and security of critical infrastructures and networks. There is a plethora of “new verticals” such as manufacturing, warehouse, mining, ports or other critical infrastructure, just to name a few. These “new vertical” use cases all have one common requirement: the mobile network needs to provide a superior performance compared to a commercial mobile network. In such environments 5G brings new capabilities to build fast and secure campus or private networks tuned to higher performance, which can increase productivity and efficiency. To be successful in these business-critical use cases, the wireless networks need to be as reliable as the wired ones. This educational note describes the different test methods to be able to verify the superior network performance and to help finding root causes of potential problems limiting the performance. We distinguish between passive tests and active tests.
11-Aug-2023 | AN-No. 8NT09