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Learn how to configure Rohde & Schwarz products to fit your application. Search our database by product, technology, or application to find relevant technical documents.
Search Application Notes & Cards
Learn how to configure Rohde & Schwarz products to fit your application. Search our database by product, technology, or application to find relevant technical documents.
1102 Results
Verification of baseband data is an important step in the early development phase of LTE/LTE-A-ready products. Comparison values for baseband data (test vectors) from other sources can be very useful in order to verify the correct implementation of the standard. Option K81 for the R&S®SMx200A vector signal generator offers sample data for LTE at the bit level. The reference data enables users to test their own implementation of the specification. The LTE bit stream verification program shown here uses data generated by this option and offers a (bitwise) comparison with bit streams generated for an LTE downlink signal. Therefore it demonstrates, how easy the option R&S SMx-K81 can be integrated into the simulation and design process during the development of LTE/LTE-A handsets or base stations.
02-Feb-2011 | AN-No. 1MA161
Characterizing RF mixers that have an internal LO using the value-of-three R&S®FPC1500 spectrum analyzer.
15-Oct-2018
PESQ measurements employ a level adaptation algorithm and are hence widely insensitive to absolute level. However, if the tests are performed via a speech codec, the driving level of the codec has an influence on the MOS result. Therefore careful alignment of the level is required. This application note provides an application program which runs on the Audio Analyzer R&S UPV or R&S UPV66 and can be used to calibrate signal levels for the PESQ measurement.
30-Jun-2011 | AN-No. 1GA50
This application note describes an effective method for generating test setups, performing measurements and producing test reports with the hand-held Spectrum Analyzer R&S FSH3
31-Jan-2003 | AN-No. 1EF50
This application note shows how to run 3GPP WCDMA BER and BLER tests according to standard TS 25.141 with the Vector Signal Generators R&S®SMBV100A, R&S®SMJ100A, or R&S®SMU200A. The description of hardware test setup is followed by detailed instructions on how to configure the R&S® generators and how to run a BER or BLER test step by step. Remote control commands for the generators are included, to simplify integrating the BER/BLER tests into your proprietary test suite.
06-Mar-2009 | AN-No. 1MA144
For NB-IoT applications to function correctly, sufficient network coverage is required. Coverage must be measured to ensure a robust NB-IoT connection. Rohde & Schwarz mobile network testing provides a unique combined test solution that accurately measures the DL coverage using network scanners. It measures the device/network interaction, UL behavior, protocol, signaling load and energy efficiency during communications using NB-IoT devices connected to R&S®ROMES.
20-Feb-2018
The present R&S®SMW-K506 Interface Control Document contains information on► the R&S descriptor word format, including ARB descriptor words and control descriptor words in deterministic and instant mode► Timing requirements and limitations of the interface► Properties of the network interface (Connector designation: HS DIGIQ).It is intended for use by customers using descriptor words to control the R&S®SMW200A in real-time. The interface control document specifies the interface between the customer’s hardware used for provision of descriptor words and the R&S®SMW200A HS DIGIQ interface. Additional information on descriptor word processing inside the R&S®SMW200A is provided.
17-Mar-2022 | AN-No. 1GP134
Polar modulation is a method where digital modulation is realized as a combination of phase and amplitude modulation, rather than using an I/Q modulator. This technique becomes increasingly important in mobile communication. This application note shows how to generate polar modulation with an R&S®SMU200A Vector Signal Generator.
26-Nov-2004 | AN-No. 1GP58
A simple concept with Azure IoT
Cloud development, microservice architectures and container virtualization are becoming more and more standard. Software components are repacked into containers, networked with each other and then brought into the cloud. The topic is also becoming increasingly interesting for test & measurement.But how do you connect your existing measurement equipment to the cloud, with instruments in some cases not even having an internet connection?This document describes an approach how to establish a remote connection between the instrument and the cloud using an IoT broker. The implementation is done using an Azure IoT Hub and software in .NET Core.
15-Dec-2020 | AN-No. GFM319
This Application Note describes two easy ways of extracting the video content of MPEG-2 transport streams and storing it as video elementary streams. These elementary streams can later be used to generate customized MPEG-2 transport streams by means of the Advanced Stream Combiner R&S DVASC application.
21-Apr-2006 | AN-No. 7BM58
Digital pre-distortion (DPD) is a common method to linearize the output signal of a power amplifier (PA), which is being operated in its non-linear operating range.Most PAs operate in their non-linear range for efficiency reasons. The drawback of higher efficiency is the non-linear operating range. In order to maintain signal quality, many transmitters employ DPD. Implementing real-time DPD in a transmitter is a challenging task and often ends in PA models, which are specific to the signal transmitted.Even though these complex models are required for transmitter development, they are not needed during PA verification and development.This article describes an approach to generate a pre-distorted signal based on a hard-clipper. The resulting waveform pushes the output of the DUT as close to the hard-clipper as possible.Due to the waveform approach, the algorithm compensates all memory effects.
13-Sep-2017 | AN-No. 1EF99
Make more accurate power rail measurements.
03-Jan-2018
The application note guides developers and manufactures of Sigfox Devices to perform the required and recommended measurements with test solutions from Rohde & Schwarz. The note will help bring ultranarrowband IoT devices and applications using Sigfox technology to the market as fast as possible and help ensure the desired quality and performance.For R&D, Pre-certification and QA, all currently defined Uplink- and Downlink- measurements are shown using the compact R&S®FPL1000 Spectrum Analyzer and R&S®SMBV100A Vector Signal Generator.For Production, use of the R&S®CMW100A Communications Manufacturing Test Set is shown for the most essential Uplink RF tests on Sigfox Devices.Python scripts for giving example SCPI commands demonstrate how measurements shown in manual use can easily be automated.
15-Nov-2017 | AN-No. 1MA294
SMW200A, SMZ90, Pulse Sequencer software, vector signal generator, frequency multiplier, Automotive radar sensors, Testing automotive radars Testing automotive radars against norm interferers; The R&S ® Pulse Sequencer software simulates arbitrary RF environments and supports the generation of radar norm interferers to test automotive radars operating in the 24 GHz, 77 GHz and 79 GHz frequency band
20-Oct-2016
Automated long-term measurements expand snapshot measurements associated with risk communication
12-Jun-2007
This white paper describes the POLQA® algorithm implemented in the R&S®UPV Audio Analyzer and shows an example hardware setup for standard independent audio measurements.
30-May-2012 | AN-No. 1MA202
With SMIQ Signal Generator you can generate the most important Bluetooth RF test signals fast and conveniently. This application note comes with files containing modulation data for various payload patterns and burst lengths. A list of patterns is included. With the transfer software, also enclosed with this application note, you can load the data records into SMIQ and start testing immediately. BLUETOOTH is a registered trademark of Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson, Sweden.
30-Jan-2001 | AN-No. 1MA31
Testing radomes, bumpers, QAR50 Ensure a high level of performance and reduce performance degradation of automotive radar sensors caused by radomes and bumpers with the R&S®QAR50. Testing radomes and bumpers in all phases – from design to high-volume production Testing radomes, bumpers, QAR50 Ensure a high level of performance and reduce performance degradation of automotive radar sensors caused by
21-Apr-2022
Noise figure is an important parameter that describes the noise contribution of an electronic device. A classical approach to measure the noise figure is to use a noise source which delivers two different input noise powers by switching between a “hot” and a “cold” state and a noise receiver (e.g. a spectrum analyzer).In contrast to this approach, using a vector network analyzer with the “Cold Source” approach eliminates the need for a noise source. A cold source noise power measurement followed by an available gain measurement of the device under test is sufficient to determine the noise figure of the device. This application note describes the “Cold Source” technique for measuring noise figure on the R&S®ZNA family of vector network analyzers.Background equations are provided for an analysis of noise factor, noise figure and noise temperature on a device under test and a cascade of devices.Based on a measurement example the user will be guided through the process of setting up a noise figure channel and performing a noise figure measurement. In addition, various measurement options are reviewed, providing guidance as to when and how each option should be utilized to improve the noise figure results.
23-Dec-2021 | AN-No. 1SL378
The constantly decreasing size of components and the available board space form a challenge to place adequate test connections for RF instruments. Recent improvements in the availability and use of high performance differential building blocks in RF circuits intensify the problems of connecting test equipment. Using oscilloscope probes is a possibility to perform measurements by connecting to printed circuit board lines and chip contacts where only a minimal area is required to make contact. This application note provides information on how to use oscilloscope probes in RF measurements using spectrum analyzers, and show the results of differential measurements with a spectrum analyzer.
28-Jun-2013 | AN-No. 1EF84
This Application Note describes the operating principle of DME (Distance Measurement Equipment) that is used for distance measurement in aviation. It also describes various test scenarios for the maintenance of a DME transponder. These tests require an R&S®SMA100A signal generator with R&S®SMA-K26 DME modulation option, and an R&S®NRP-Z81 wideband power sensor.
26-Feb-2009 | AN-No. 1GP74
All digital oscilloscopes are temporarily blind. During this blind time the user will miss critical signal events at his device under test. Thus, it is necessary to understand the impact of blind time to the measurement. This application note explains the background of blind time and points out why a high acquisition rate is important. It furthermore explains the R&S RTO oscilloscope capabilities and how they help for faster debugging, measurement and analysis.
17-May-2011 | AN-No. 1ER02
This application note describes how to use the generic interface in R&S®AdVISE for remote operation.
19-Jun-2020 | AN-No. 1S002
Today virtually every electronic device has a standby mode. Power consumption is regulated in most countries by increasingly stringent limits. This makes standardized power measurement essential.
12-Sep-2018
The Rohde & Schwarz power consumption analysis tool helps evaluate power consumption data collected with Rohde & Schwarz power supplies.
01-May-2023
This document describes the adaptive frequency hopping mechanism for improved signaling performance in Bluetooth Basic Rate and Enhanced Data Rate devices.The R&S CMW provides this feature for remote operation in TX, Loopback and Connection test mode. Thereby the R&S CMW acts as a master, while the Equipment under Test (EUT) represents the slave(s) of the piconet.
14-Dec-2016 | AN-No. 1C108
When analyzing the signal integrity performance of DDR interfaces, separating read and write cycles has been a challenging task. Comprehensive trigger capabilities are required – especially when attempting to recreate the eye diagram in realtime.
26-Sep-2018
While Mobile phones are allowed to require approximately 3 time slots for switching from transmission to reception, base stations must be able to transmit and receive at a new frequency in every time slot in the frequency hopping mode. This behaviour must of course be tested and measurements carried out on the base station transmitter and receiver. Since there is no signal generator which is able to settle at different frequencies from one to the next time slot with GSM modulation, a solution to this problem was found by linking two Signal Generators SME in such a way that they alternately provide signals at different frequencies.
01-Jul-1999 | AN-No. 1GPAN28
LTE Location Based Services (LBS) involve the process of determining where a device is located. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) based solutions are highly accurate and the technology of choice for absolute position accuracy, providing the device has a good line-of-sight, but this is not always the case. A device can be in a highly dense urban environment with reduced satellite visibility or indoors with very low signal levels.These limitations of GNSS systems have meant that LTE cellular based alternatives have been developed within 3GPP Release 9 and onwards.They are described in this white paper.
29-May-2015 | AN-No. 1SP05