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The advancing expansion of DC grids, the integration of DC microgrids, and the proliferation of DC charging stations for electric vehicles - where the DC energy transferred needs to be accurately measured for accounting purposes - are all driving the demand for DC meters. As soon as the meter readings become the base for billing, the consumers have a vested interest in the DC meter's reliability and precision. It becomes a matter of trust to ensure proper verification, calibration and certification of the DC meter used (e.g. Eichrecht conformity resp. E-VDE-AR-E 2418-3-100).

English - Sep 25, 2026

While fossil fuel reserves are constantly decreasing, the costs of energy are on the rise. Saving energy becomes increasingly important for consumers’ buying decisions. One area with a big potential for energy savings is consumer electronics operating in standby mode, since they still drain power from the grid. Whereas every single device only consumes a few watts, the overall energy consumption is considerable.For several years, power input gets optimized both in normal operation and standby. Standards like EnergyStar, EuP (Energy using Products, directive 2005/32/EU in conjunction with regulation 1275/2008) and others, as well as norms like IEC 62301:2011 or EN 50564:2011 define maximum power input along with the setup for measuring it.

English - Sep 25, 2026

Precision loss power measurement of sheet iron and ferrite cores with high signal frequency: exact, easy and in real-time! With the ZES ZIMMER – A Rohde & Schwarz Company – precision power analyzer LMG611 and other LMG models it is possible to obtain the magnetic characteristics of transformer-cores and coil materials besides a precise measurement of power loss.Those could be the peak values of the magnetic flux, the magnetic field strength and the permeability of a core which are determined at low and at high frequencies. For the quality control of magnetic materials completely wound cores can be used.Many measuring proceedings require sinusoidal field strength or flux which require expensive and complicated signal sources. Since the main point of interest is especially the saturation interval, there will be a high demand for the source in this range. It is more elegant and cheaper to use "intelligent" measuring equipment and allow arbitrary curve forms of the voltage and the current and to apply some mathematics. In doing so low-cost power sources can be used. Even the line voltage with its high harmonic distortion can be used.

English - Sep 25, 2026

In today’s energy-conscious world, optimizing power efficiency in data centers has become a key focus for IT infrastructure. As the demand for data processing grows, data centers are consuming more energy, making energy efficiency in server operations a critical factor in evaluating server performance in the modern tech landscape. As a result, the need to effectively measure and benchmark power consumption to optimize server energy efficiency is more pressing than ever.

English - Sep 25, 2026

The efficiency of power transformers is a key factor in reducing energy losses within the power distribution network, not to mention the increasing regulatory pressure from energy-consuming facilities such as data centers. Inefficiencies in power transmission result in financial losses and elevated greenhouse gas emissions, both of which must be avoided. As part of type and acceptance testing, power transformers are both specified with respect to their essential electrical parameters and subsequently tested and certified for compliance with these and other regulatory requirements. High efficiency and full conformity are the ultimate objectives. To achieve this, all relevant electrical performance parameters must be measured and analyzed with the highest precision. In addition, manufacturers are increasingly required to perform special tests tailored to advanced and application-specific requirements.

English - Sep 25, 2026

The combination of phase-calibrated wave measurements with load-pull capability is a highly practical workflow for advanced RF power amplifier characterization, waveform engineering and nonlinear model validation.

English - Sep 22, 2026

The R&S®PR300 portable monitoring receiver sets new benchmarks with its high performance, compact design and 125 MHz real-time bandwidth for tactical spectrum awareness. By combining high speed scanning with a user friendly interface, it enhances field operations and signal detection.

English - Sep 11, 2026

The jamming and spoofing of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) is a growing threat that can significantly degrade GNSS receiver performance and jeopardize systems that rely on accurate positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) data. The threats can impact critical operations in transportation, public safety, critical infrastructure and autonomous systems. GNSS interference detection (GID) with R&S®NESTOR cellular network analysis software detects GNSS jamming and spoofing in real time and provides alerts and insights. Identifying interference as it occurs helps quickly assess the situation, mitigate risks and maintain operational continuity in challenging RF environments.

English - Aug 25, 2026

The double pulse testing (DPT) is crucial to evaluating the switching behavior for metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFET), insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBT) and wide bandgap (WBG) power semiconductor devices. The slew rate of switching devices is increasing, especially on high-side power transistor where referencing switch nodes creates a fast common-mode environment. Conventional highvoltage differential probes have difficulties obtaining a good measurement with their limited common-mode rejection ratio at higher frequencies.

English - Aug 25, 2026

Increase sensitivity with external sources

English - Aug 5, 2026

Within this application note the use of Python programming language to automatize GNSS tests using R&S signal generators is shown. With the R&S PyCharm1 plugin there exists an easy-to-use helper application which highly simplifies the first steps to start script based GNSS testing.Several GNSS use cases of R&S vector signal generators require much repetitive set-up and configuration steps, where human errors may occur. To mitigate these errors Python scripts communicating over SCPI interface may be used to automate the procedures. On the other hand looking up the SCPI-commands one-by-one can be difficult and time-consuming. For an improved user experience JetBrains PyCharm, the RsInstrument Python Module and the R&S Instrument Control PyCharm Plugin may be used to highly simplify the script writing process.This Application Note shows how to install the necessary software, connect to an R&S generator and use the Instrument Control PyCharm Plugin to easily generate user defined Python scripts.

English - Jul 31, 2026

This educational note describes the different methods for synchronizing two or more oscilloscopes and highlights their advantages and disadvantages. It includes a detailed user guide on how to use R&S ScopeSync to synchronize two or more oscilloscopes.

English - Jul 15, 2026

This application note explains how noise sets the sensitivity and usable dynamic range of EMI receivers and how to configure measurements accordingly. It covers the essentials on noise figure and system design for noise reduction, such as the preamplifier placement. The application note explains receiver settings, that all shape the displayed noise floor, and the dynamic-range trade-offs between attenuation, preamplification and preselection. It helps understanding effects on the noise floor and their consequences for compliance EMI measurements and explains how to interpret datasheet values such as DANL. Reading it helps EMC engineers set up receivers for maximum sensitivity, avoid overestimating emissions near the limit, correctly compare instrument datasheet specifications, and distinguish emissions from instrument-generated noise floor artifacts such as spurious responses or input mismatching.

English - Jul 14, 2026

Most modern electronically controlled appliances still switch their loads – such as heating elements and motors – with mechanical relays. Each relay opening or closing generates a short, broadband click that can exceed the disturbance voltage limits of a quasi-peak (QP) detector. Because these transients are intermittent, they are evaluated separately as discontinuous disturbances (clicks) in line with CISPR 14-1/EN 55014-1.

English - Jul 13, 2026

Empowering coastal surveillanceOffshore wind farms, located 10 to 20 nautical miles from shore, present significant communications challenges due to the high density of wind turbines. The turbines create interference and blind spots that hinder effective communications and surveillance at sea. Maintaining reliable communications by extending beyond line of sight (BLOS) coverage and overall communications range is paramount.By integrating VHF/UHF radios into wind turbines, operators can ensure reliable communications even in blind spots, enabling remote control from shore stations to sea and therefore improving operational efficiency.

English - Jul 13, 2026

End-to-end hybrid eCall module conformance testing under controlled network conditions in line with EN18052:2025

English - Jul 6, 2026

Ideal inductors are assumed to have linear behavior, i.e. their properties should not depend on signal amplitudes or superimposed DC bias current. Real inductors often contain magnetic core material, in order to achieve higher inductance within an available volume. All magnetic core materials exhibit nonlinear behavior in the shape of hysteresis and saturation effects. Testing the properties of an inductor depending on test signal amplitude and DC bias current is therefore indispensable for the component characterization.With option R&S®LCX-K108, LCR meters R&S®LCX100 and R&S®LCX200 can superimpose DC bias current up to 200 mA. For higher DC bias currents, an external source is required. This external source can be connected in parallel if it has a sufficiently high impedance over the measurement frequency range.This application note explains how to connect an external DC bias current source, avoid risks and hazards, and perform corrections for optimum measurement accuracy.

English - Jul 6, 2026

Multiple applications such as 5G, satellite communications or radar systems use phased array antennas for beamforming, especially in the millimeterwave (mmWave) range. The individual antenna elements typically use a common signal but with individual phase shift and level ranges. The R&S®ZNA vector network analyzer offers up to four TX paths and eight RX paths for maximum flexibility in a one-box antenna test solution. It easily addresses all interesting frequency ranges such as major 5G FR2 bands as well as Ka and V bands for satellite links.

English - Jul 3, 2026

PAM-N signaling is increasingly common across high-speed serial interfaces, from Automotive Ethernet and data center interconnects to storage and general-purpose SerDes links, wherever higher spectral efficiency is required within constrained bandwidth. However, its multi-level nature means that conventional NRZ-based measurement approaches are no longer sufficient. This application note provides a structured, measurement-driven workflow for analyzing PAM-N signals on the R&S®RTP oscilloscope, using MGBASE-T1 PAM-4 as a practical black-box transmitter example. It guides users through the complete signal integrity evaluation sequence, including differential signal setup, CDR-based eye-diagram analysis with both software-based Advanced Eye and hardware-based Live Eye, transition-specific jitter decomposition, channel embedding using S-parameter models, receiver-side equalization, and SCPI-based automation. Advanced Eye provides the stable statistical view needed for detailed eye evaluation, per-eye measurements, and level-dependent analysis, while Live Eye complements this with a real-time view of signal stability, timing variation, and transient behavior as the signal is acquired. By following the workflow, engineers can move beyond a single composite eye diagram or aggregate jitter value and identify where signal degradation originates, whether from level-dependent eye closure, transition-specific timing behavior, channel loss, or equalization effects. The document is useful both as a step-by-step guide for engineers new to PAM-N measurements and as a reference for users targeting a specific part of the analysis workflow. Although MGBASE-T1 PAM-4 is used as the working example, the measurement logic can be transferred to other PAM-N transmitter investigations by adapting the signal configuration and analysis setup to the interface under test.

English - Jul 2, 2026

The R&S®PR300 portable monitoring receiver sets new benchmarks with its high performance, compact design and 125 MHz real-time bandwidth. By combining high-speed scanning with a user-friendly interface, it enhances field operations and signal detection. This synergy provides a seamless operational experience and a complete spectral overview, making the identification and location of complex wideband signals more efficient and accurate than ever before.

English - Jun 24, 2026

The R&S®PR300 portable monitoring receiver sets new benchmarks with its high performance, compact design and 125 MHz real-time bandwidth. By combining high-speed scanning with a user-friendly interface, it enhances field operations and signal detection. This synergy provides a seamless operational experience and a complete spectral overview, making the identification and location of complex wideband signals more efficient and accurate than ever before.

English - Jun 24, 2026

The R&S®PR300 portable monitoring receiver sets new benchmarks with its high performance, compact design and 125 MHz real-time bandwidth. By combining high-speed scanning with a user-friendly interface, it enhances field operations and signal detection. This synergy provides a seamless operational experience and a complete spectral overview, making the identification and location of complex wideband signals more efficient and accurate than ever before.

English - Jun 15, 2026

The purpose of this document is to provide step-by-step guidance on how to perform VESA compliance testing on a DisplayPort UHBR Receiver device for Return Loss.Throughout this Method of Implementation (MOI), procedures will detail how to perform such VESA compliance testing using the R&S® ZNB3000 lineup of Network Analyzers.

English - Jun 11, 2026

The purpose of this document is to provide step-by-step guidance on how to perform VESA compliance testing on a DisplayPort UHBR Transmitter device for Return Loss.Throughout this Method of Implementation (MOI), procedures will detail how to perform such VESA compliance testing using the R&S® ZNB3000 lineup of Network Analyzers.

English - Jun 11, 2026

This educational note provides a practical introduction to Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) signaling and its role in modern high-speed digital communication systems. Starting from the basic principles of PAM-N and the relationship between bit rate and symbol rate, it explains why multilevel signaling has become an important alternative to traditional NRZ transmission in bandwidth-constrained interfaces. The note also discusses key implementation aspects such as coupling, lane configuration, line coding, scrambling, and forward error correction, showing how these factors influence signal behavior and test requirements. A dedicated section on signal integrity analysis explains the impact of reduced eye margins, transition-dependent jitter, and equalization on PAM-N measurements. Using Rohde & Schwarz oscilloscope solutions as practical examples, the note demonstrates how engineers can analyze stacked eye diagrams, isolate individual PAM eyes, evaluate transition-level jitter, and apply equalization techniques for reliable PAM signal characterization.

English - Jun 1, 2026

RF engineers are increasingly confronted with the task of characterizing devices operating in the mmWave range. The vector network analyzer (VNA) R&S ZNA, along with R&S or RPG ZC<xxx> mmWave converters, provides a broad range of measurement solutions fulfilling this task. This application note is intended to provide help for choosing the right measuring instruments and accessories, interconnecting them correctly, setting up the instruments, calibrating them and finally obtaining measurement results.Both linear and nonlinear measurement quantities are covered. In both categories, one further distinguishes between devices that do not change the frequency of the input signal (e.g. transmission lines, attenuators, amplifiers) and those that do (e.g. mixers, frequency multipliers). Generally, the complexity of setup and calibration is higher in the latter case.The ZNA user interface is designed to assist the user with defining the wanted measurement quantities and their associated parameters like source power, LO frequency, and tone distance for two-tone measurements. It shows the needed setup schematically and proposes how to calibrate this setup including all necessary steps. Many common pitfalls lurking when calibration is completely done manually are avoided by automatic compilation of the calibration.Following this concept, the chapters of this application note first give a brief description of the characterization quantities treated in the chapter, then outline the measurement setup, take a look at calibration and provide examples of measurement results as they appear on the ZNA display.

English - Apr 29, 2026

This tool is intended to support on transferring transducer data from and to local files to the R&S receivers and the R&S®ELEKTRA software. It allows editing, creation and deletion remotely on the instrument or software and enables transferring transducer data between files of all common formats and the receiver/software. Many common CSV or TXT based exchange formats for calibration data were implemented so allow importing of those data to the instrument or R&S®ELEKTRA software. Support file formats are: csv (most common for data exchange), tdf (format used on the instruments), s1p and s2p (commonly used for network analysis) and txt.

English - Mar 23, 2026