An offline AC/DC switching converter has no separate bias power supply that provides power to the control integrated circuit itself. Here, an auxiliary primary winding and discrete components are added to supply power to the control circuit. Verifying this circuitry is essential and requires accurate and detailed signal level and timing measurements. The startup sequence takes a long time, which needs to be taken into consideration in the measurement and requires an instrument with sufficient memory.

Nov 23, 2022

This application note is about creating your own battery model for the R&S®NGM200 and R&S®NGU201, beyond the standard models provided within the battery simulation option NGM-K106 and NGU-K106. To get to a battery model, a few steps are required. To determine the parameters for the battery model, it is necessary to discharge a battery using a selected method, to record the data and to calculate the model on this basis. With this software, a connection can be established to the instrument, batteries can be measured using various measurement methods, and a model can then be created from these measurements. These models, which are determined from the measurements, can then be simulated with the power supply, thus creating a digital twin of the battery. Using these, test scenarios can be carried out in a safe and reproducible environment.

Nov 21, 2022 | AN-번호 1GP136

This document is divided in two parts and starts with an introduction in AC-DC conversion principles in general. It will present the most common circuits used for different power levels. The switching mode power supply (SMPS) converter will be the main focus as they are used everywhere in the electronics. Especially the flyback converter design in different flavors are highlighted. Nevertheless, all measurements are also applicable for other SMPS converter designs operating at higher power levels.In the second part of this document, most relevant testing methods and procedures of an AC-DC converter are highlighted. For each testing section, a fundamental part will be upfront discussed and it is followed by a presentation of a suitable measurement method. In this second part, the device under test (DUT) is considered as black box device and thus the structure is similar. Therefore, the testing parts consists of methods related to input tests, output tests and a combination of both like efficiency. Of course, some test performed at the output of the converter are also relevant for DC-DC converter, e.g. the validation of the output ripple.

Nov 14, 2022 | AN-번호 1SL387

A step by step HOW TO guide to perform manual and automated wireless coexistence testing

At the end of the year 2020, there were over 20 Billion internet of things (IoT) products in the world operating using the licensed and unlicensed frequency bands. This growth trend is projected to keep steady over the coming years as more and more people adopt to a smarter and more connected lifestyle. This will result in a much busier and challenging RF environment than the one we have today. In order to understand the complexity of the RF spectrum, a white paper was published in 2021 from Rohde & Schwarz, which featured RF spectrum activity at multiple locations observed at different times of the day. The locations were selected based on population densities and the amount of known RF transmitters & their frequencies at those locations. It was also concluded that the ISM bands on average have higher channel utilization since most IoT devices take advantage of the unlicensed spectrum. The paper recommended, that while performing wireless coexistence testing, the test conditions should reflect the operational RF environment that the device is intended to operate in. Otherwise, the characterization of RF performance would only reflect ideal case which doesn’t exist in real world operation. Since it is not always possible to test all devices in the real world, relevant test methodologies need to be setup to replicate the real world as much as possible.This will help us get a better understanding of how the receiver of the RF device will behave under different RF conditions. It is also recommended to perform measurements in order to understand the behavior of the device in the future when the spectrum will get even more challenging. Therefore, a through characterization of the capability of the RF receiver to handle in-band and out-of-band interference signals in also of interest.In terms of regulatory compliance requirements for ensuring wireless coexistence performance, the ANSI C63.27 is currently the only published test standard that provides guidance on how to perform coexistence testing on devices. The test complexity is based up on risk imposed on the user’s health in the event of a failure caused by an or a plurality of interference signal. The standard also gives device manufacturers guidance regarding test setups, measurement environments, interference signal types and strategy, performance quality measurement parameters for physical layer using key performance indicator (KPI) and application layer parameters for end-to-end functional wireless performance (FWP).In this application note, the guidance provided by the ANSI C63.27-2021 version regarding test setup, measurement parameter and interference signal have been followed. It will give the reader a clear idea on how to configure standardized test instruments from R&S in order to generate the wanted signal as well as unintended interference signals and conduct measurement to monitor device performance in terms of PER, ping latency and data throughput.This application note provides step-by-step instruction on how to perform measurements using conducted and radiated methodology. Both manual and automated instrument configuration approach is explained in this document.The automation scripts are written using python scripting language and are available for download with this application note, free of charge. Official required to run the scripts are available on the PYPI database.

Nov 10, 2022 | AN-번호 1SL392

High-speed serial interfaces often transmit data with differential signaling and differential probes can be used to access signal traces. In addition to differential inputs, these probes have a ground connection.

Nov 02, 2022

For several years, vehicle manufacturers and government agencies have sought ways to increase road safety, manage traffic efficiently and, in the future, make driving more comfortable, convenient and safe. Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) is a new generation of information and communication technology that connects vehicles to everything and can support these objectives. V2X is designed to offer low-latency vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-roadside infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) communications to add a new dimension to future driver assistance systems.Cellular V2X (C-V2X) is defined as the communications standard by 3GPP in Release 14 and uses LTE technology as the physical interface for communications.The LTE C-V2X Scanner provides customers an opportunity to verify, test, and optimize ITS traffic systems that are being deployed or are already established. The scanner accomplishes this by passively listening to PC (5.9GHz) messages that are being broadcast from RSU (roadside units), vehicles or any other C-V2X enabled device. Traditional scanner measurements regarding RF signal power and quality such as RSRP, RS-CINR and RSSI, are provided for each physical channel (PSCCH and PSSCH) as well as decoded ITS message content for all three regions (North America, EU, China).

Oct 21, 2022 | AN-번호 8NT07

With IT and OT environments converging, security concerns relating to devices and applications deployed in networked test labs, especially in T&M environments, are growing. The demands on IT security here are manifold and include, for example, remote access to in-house infrastructures, equipment rented from external providers, and the continuous deployment of devices across different time zones.

Oct 18, 2022

1SL391 audio, breakthrough, ETSI EN 301 489 Audio Breakthrough Assembly and Test Setup 1SL391 audio, breakthrough, ETSI EN 301 489 Related products

Oct 11, 2022 | AN-번호 1SL391

The need for an objective evaluation of mobile network quality and performance drives two fundamentally different approaches, crowdsourcing and mobile network testing. The crowdsourcing market is highly saturated. More than 20 companies have a significant focus on crowdsourcing mobile network measurements. To get measurement results, they use different concepts that serve different purposes. This application card describes the structure of the crowdsourcing space and analyzes the pros and cons of both approaches.

Oct 06, 2022

In the satellite sector, components, subsystems and entire satellites must be qualified in a thermal vacuum chamber before they can be used in space. This qualification proves that equipment can not only survive but also function in the harsh conditions encountered during launch and in space.

Oct 05, 2022

Ensures compliance of high speed Ethernet cable assemblies with fast automation and easy testing.

Oct 04, 2022

For measurements of non-connectorized devices, test fixtures, probes or other structures are used to adapt from the coaxial interface of the test setup to the device under test (DUT). For accurate measurements of the DUT, these lead-ins and lead-outs need to be characterized, so that their effects can be mathematically removed, i.e. de-embedded from the measurement results.This application note provides practical hints to accurately characterize and de-embed these lead-in and lead-out structures with R&S Vector Network Analyzers ZNA, ZNB, ZNBT and ZND. As de-embedding is also essential in other test equipment like oscilloscopes, etc., this guide also describes, how lead-ins and lead-outs can be accurately characterized with a VNA and then exported as an S-Parameter file to be used by other test instruments.

Sep 19, 2022 | AN-번호 1SL367

This document provides some technical background and guidance on how to optimize the measurement of one of the key performance parameters of WLAN transmitters - the Error Vector Magnitude (EVM).

IEEE 802.11be Extremely High Throughput (EHT), also known as Wi-Fi 7, is the latest amendment of the IEEE 802.11 standard and is still under development. This amendment focuses mainly on improved throughput. To do so, the most notable changes currently implemented are:► New modulation scheme: 4096-QAM (4K-QAM)► Larger bandwidth: 320 MHz► Support for 16x16 MU-MIMO► Enhanced resource allocation in OFDMAThis places special demands on the measurement equipment.

Sep 06, 2022 | AN-번호 1EF114

Broadband 증폭기는 대부분의 EMC 방사 면역 테스트에 요구되는 전계 강도를 발생하기 위해 필요합니다. 본 문서는 EMC 테스트에서 증폭기의 역할에 대해 간략히 살펴보고 증폭기의 성능에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 파라미터와 특성에 대해 알아봅니다.지금 등록하면 교육 노트를 다운로드하실 수 있습니다.

8월 01, 2022

ELEKTRA는 사용자가 다른 보고서를 빠르게 생성할 수 있도록 몇가지 사용자 지원 방식을 제공합니다. 이 애플리케이션 노트는 다양한 방법과 각각의 이점에 대해 설명합니다. 여기에서는 단계별 가이드가 아닌 운영 원칙에 대해 설명합니다.

7월 27, 2022 | AN-번호 1SL384

R&S®CMP200 Radio Communication Tester와 R&S®CM-Z300A Time of Flight 키트를 결합한 솔루션은 검증, 교정, 인증 시 ToF를 정확하게 측정할 수 있는 셋업을 구성합니다.

7월 27, 2022

RF components, On-wafer, Early wafer-level qualification, RF 컴포넌트의 초기 웨이퍼-레벨 인증으로 품질 보장 및 비용 절감 RF 컴포넌트의 온-웨이퍼 인증 RF components, On-wafer, Early wafer-level qualification, RF 컴포넌트의 초기 웨이퍼-레벨 인증으로 품질 보장 및 비용 절감 RF 컴포넌트의 온-웨이퍼 인증 RF components, On-wafer, Early wafer-level qualification, RF 컴포넌트의 초기 웨이퍼-레벨 인증으로 품질 보장 및 비용 절감 관련 상품

7월 14, 2022

데이터 속도가 계속 빨라짐에 따라 고속 디지털 설계의 신호 무결성 측정이 더욱 어려워지고 있습니다.

7월 08, 2022

The R&S®RF Ports Alignment Software together with the R&S®SMW-K545 option provides a standard and tailored solution for calibrating and aligning the amplitude, group delay and phase between the RF ports of multiple coupled dual-path or single-path R&S®SMW200A vector signal generators. In addition, the R&S®Pulse Sequencer Software supports users to calculate the required signals for interferometric direction finding (DF) test cases. The R&S®SMW200A signal generator hardware together with the aforementioned software packages enables precise angle of arrival (AoA) simulation for testing the true performance of interferometric direction finders or emitter location systems.

Jul 08, 2022

TDD 다운링크 모드에서 NR FR1 관련 솔루션 및 유용한 정보

5G NR(5G New Radio)은 3GPP에서 규정한 무선 기술이며, 3GPP Release 15를 통해 최초로 릴리스되었습니다. 5G NR은 세 가지 Use Case, 즉, eMBB(enhanced Mobile Broadband), mMTC(massive Machine Type Communication), URLLC(Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication)를 목표로 설계되었습니다. 이러한 세 가지 Use Case 중 eMBB는 사실 상 LTE 표준의 모바일 Broadband 통신이 진화된 것입니다. IMT-2020에서 정의한 기술 성능 요구사항에 따르면, 5G 기술을 구축할 경우 eMBB 애플리케이션의 피크 데이터 레이트가 다운링크(DL)에서 20 Gbps, 업링크(UL) 방향에서 10 Gbps까지 도달할 것으로 예상됩니다. eMBB의 일반적인 Use Case는 고해상도 8K 동영상 스트리밍, VR(가상 현실), AR(증강 현실) 등 많은 데이터를 사용하는 애플리케이션입니다.제품의 설계 단계에서는 통제 가능하며 확정적인 테스트 조건 하에 5G 지원 UE(사용자 장비)로 달성 가능한 최대 데이터 처리량을 검증하는 것이 필수입니다. 데이터 처리량 병목의 식별을 통한 성능 중심 검증, 골든 디바이스 대비 제품 벤치마킹은 결과적으로 사용자 경험을 크게 개선합니다.이 문서는 ENDC(E-UTRAN New-radio Dual Connectivity) 작동 모드에서 TDD 듀플렉스 모드로 5G NR FR1(Frequency Range 1)을 자세히 살펴봅니다. 5G NR 물리 계층은 많은 유연성을 제공하므로 DUT(Device under Test)의 최대 데이터 전송속도를 달성하기 위해 관련 파라미터 설정에 관한 일종의 가이드라인을 제공하고자 합니다. 애플리케이션 노트 작성 시점 기준의 R&S 솔루션에 대해 설명되어 있습니다. 표시된 기능은 계속 업그레이드되고 있으므로 사용된 스크린샷과 표시된 파라미터는 변경될 수 있습니다.

7월 07, 2022 | AN-번호 1SL379

셀룰러 V2X(C-V2X)를 검증하는 자세한 교통 상황을 만들고 시뮬레이션하십시오

6월 30, 2022

With all these new flexibilities introduced with 5G, the radio access has become more complex to understand and analyze. More network interfaces and RAN configuration parameters have to be managed and the RAN and in particular the connection control, mobility and measurement reporting are decisive for the network performance. It will be vital for the system experts and radio engineers to gain knowledge and evolve their methods and tools to facilitate the work to optimize and troubleshoot 5G and 4G RAN performance. Thus, tools are needed that allow for easier understanding of the message flows in the radio protocols. The R&S®ROMES4 KPIs and Smart Events will help doing the work much easier and quicker. They are defined for a key set of LTE, EN-DC and NR RRC connection control and mobility procedures where the performance is crucial to achieve high quality network performance. Trouble shooting problematic cases and optimization of RAN protocols are key drivers to improve the mobile network performance with R&S®ROMES4.

Jun 28, 2022 | AN-번호 8NT06

자율주행 및 반자율주행 차량은 수많은 레이더 센서로부터 정보를 수집하고 활용하기 위해 복잡한 하드웨어 및 소프트웨어 아키텍처에 의존합니다. 신뢰할 수 있는 데이터를 생성하려면 센서와 주변 환경 사이에 시야를 가리는 물체가 없어야 합니다. 센서 전면에 장착된 범퍼 또는 레이돔은 레이더 기능을 떨어뜨려서는 안됩니다. 이를 위해 설치된 플라스틱 부품과 해당 폴리머 구조에 대한 광범위한 테스트가 필요합니다. R&S®QAR50은 폴리머 소재의 특성과 해당 소재의 특성이 초기 설계 단계와 소재 개발의 품질 관리에서 레이더 신호의 품질에 미치는 영향을 분석할 수 있는 최적의 툴입니다.

6월 24, 2022

R&S®CMP200 Radio Communication Tester와 검증된 UWB PHY Test Suite를 사용하여 FiRa™ Consortium PHY 적합성 테스트를 간단히 수행할 수 있습니다.

6월 21, 2022

이 애플리케이션 노트는 안정화 시간 측정에 대한 기본적인 정보를 제공하며 신호 분석 기능이 통합된 최신 스펙트럼 분석기를 사용하여 주파수 안정화 시간 측정을 쉼고 편리하게 수행하는 방법에 대해 설명합니다.아날로그 복조 측정 애플리케이션인 R&S®FSxx-K7은 최신 Wideband 개념을 이용하여 주파수 및 위상 안정화 시간 측정을 수행하며 통합된 안정화 시간 측정 기능을 사용하여 결과를 쉽고 편리하게 얻습니다.

6월 18, 2022 | AN-번호 1EF112

R&S®CMX500 Radio Communication Tester는 모바일 기기 송신기 및 수신기의 최대 IP throughput을 테스트하기에 이상적입니다.

6월 13, 2022

R&S®CMW Wideband Radio Communication Tester에 기반한 자동화 테스트 솔루션은 실시간 서브미터급 위치 추적을 위한 새로운 Test Case를 완벽히 지원합니다.

6월 10, 2022

Noise sources used for noise figure and gain measurements are typically controlled by the spectrum analyzer or noise figure meter instruments and are calibrated with their ENR value (Excess noise ratio). While this external control and the use of ENR values is common in noise figure test, it may be difficult in system applications where the noise source control is not available, and the use of ENR values is replaced with the values for the noise output power of the noise source. The calculation of the output power for the noise source requires to know the P_hot value (hot power) which is not a common specification for noise sources used in test and measurement applications.This application note describes a technique to perform a calibrated noise power measurement (P_hot) with spectrum analyzers and noise sources. The next sections will give further details.

May 31, 2022 | AN-번호 1EF113

Wi-Fi 7에 대한 RF 성능 측정

5월 30, 2022

Electronic systems like electronic control units (ECU) must pass several stringent qualification tests in order to be approved for automotive use. These tests include a reverse polarity test which is specified as part of ISO 16750‑2. In line with the specification, the electronic module must withstand a negative supply voltage for a specific time without suffering any damage. The R&S®NGU401 source measurement unit (SMU) is ideal to perform this task, plus it provides automated testing capability.

May 23, 2022