An offline AC/DC switching converter has no separate bias power supply that provides power to the control integrated circuit itself. Here, an auxiliary primary winding and discrete components are added to supply power to the control circuit. Verifying this circuitry is essential and requires accurate and detailed signal level and timing measurements. The startup sequence takes a long time, which needs to be taken into consideration in the measurement and requires an instrument with sufficient memory.

23.11.2022

This application note is about creating your own battery model for the R&S®NGM200 and R&S®NGU201, beyond the standard models provided within the battery simulation option NGM-K106 and NGU-K106. To get to a battery model, a few steps are required. To determine the parameters for the battery model, it is necessary to discharge a battery using a selected method, to record the data and to calculate the model on this basis. With this software, a connection can be established to the instrument, batteries can be measured using various measurement methods, and a model can then be created from these measurements. These models, which are determined from the measurements, can then be simulated with the power supply, thus creating a digital twin of the battery. Using these, test scenarios can be carried out in a safe and reproducible environment.

21.11.2022 | AN-Nr. 1GP136

This document is divided in two parts and starts with an introduction in AC-DC conversion principles in general. It will present the most common circuits used for different power levels. The switching mode power supply (SMPS) converter will be the main focus as they are used everywhere in the electronics. Especially the flyback converter design in different flavors are highlighted. Nevertheless, all measurements are also applicable for other SMPS converter designs operating at higher power levels.In the second part of this document, most relevant testing methods and procedures of an AC-DC converter are highlighted. For each testing section, a fundamental part will be upfront discussed and it is followed by a presentation of a suitable measurement method. In this second part, the device under test (DUT) is considered as black box device and thus the structure is similar. Therefore, the testing parts consists of methods related to input tests, output tests and a combination of both like efficiency. Of course, some test performed at the output of the converter are also relevant for DC-DC converter, e.g. the validation of the output ripple.

14.11.2022 | AN-Nr. 1SL387

A step by step HOW TO guide to perform manual and automated wireless coexistence testing

At the end of the year 2020, there were over 20 Billion internet of things (IoT) products in the world operating using the licensed and unlicensed frequency bands. This growth trend is projected to keep steady over the coming years as more and more people adopt to a smarter and more connected lifestyle. This will result in a much busier and challenging RF environment than the one we have today. In order to understand the complexity of the RF spectrum, a white paper was published in 2021 from Rohde & Schwarz, which featured RF spectrum activity at multiple locations observed at different times of the day. The locations were selected based on population densities and the amount of known RF transmitters & their frequencies at those locations. It was also concluded that the ISM bands on average have higher channel utilization since most IoT devices take advantage of the unlicensed spectrum. The paper recommended, that while performing wireless coexistence testing, the test conditions should reflect the operational RF environment that the device is intended to operate in. Otherwise, the characterization of RF performance would only reflect ideal case which doesn’t exist in real world operation. Since it is not always possible to test all devices in the real world, relevant test methodologies need to be setup to replicate the real world as much as possible.This will help us get a better understanding of how the receiver of the RF device will behave under different RF conditions. It is also recommended to perform measurements in order to understand the behavior of the device in the future when the spectrum will get even more challenging. Therefore, a through characterization of the capability of the RF receiver to handle in-band and out-of-band interference signals in also of interest.In terms of regulatory compliance requirements for ensuring wireless coexistence performance, the ANSI C63.27 is currently the only published test standard that provides guidance on how to perform coexistence testing on devices. The test complexity is based up on risk imposed on the user’s health in the event of a failure caused by an or a plurality of interference signal. The standard also gives device manufacturers guidance regarding test setups, measurement environments, interference signal types and strategy, performance quality measurement parameters for physical layer using key performance indicator (KPI) and application layer parameters for end-to-end functional wireless performance (FWP).In this application note, the guidance provided by the ANSI C63.27-2021 version regarding test setup, measurement parameter and interference signal have been followed. It will give the reader a clear idea on how to configure standardized test instruments from R&S in order to generate the wanted signal as well as unintended interference signals and conduct measurement to monitor device performance in terms of PER, ping latency and data throughput.This application note provides step-by-step instruction on how to perform measurements using conducted and radiated methodology. Both manual and automated instrument configuration approach is explained in this document.The automation scripts are written using python scripting language and are available for download with this application note, free of charge. Official required to run the scripts are available on the PYPI database.

10.11.2022 | AN-Nr. 1SL392

High-speed serial interfaces often transmit data with differential signaling and differential probes can be used to access signal traces. In addition to differential inputs, these probes have a ground connection.

02.11.2022

For several years, vehicle manufacturers and government agencies have sought ways to increase road safety, manage traffic efficiently and, in the future, make driving more comfortable, convenient and safe. Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) is a new generation of information and communication technology that connects vehicles to everything and can support these objectives. V2X is designed to offer low-latency vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-roadside infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) communications to add a new dimension to future driver assistance systems.Cellular V2X (C-V2X) is defined as the communications standard by 3GPP in Release 14 and uses LTE technology as the physical interface for communications.The LTE C-V2X Scanner provides customers an opportunity to verify, test, and optimize ITS traffic systems that are being deployed or are already established. The scanner accomplishes this by passively listening to PC (5.9GHz) messages that are being broadcast from RSU (roadside units), vehicles or any other C-V2X enabled device. Traditional scanner measurements regarding RF signal power and quality such as RSRP, RS-CINR and RSSI, are provided for each physical channel (PSCCH and PSSCH) as well as decoded ITS message content for all three regions (North America, EU, China).

21.10.2022 | AN-Nr. 8NT07

With IT and OT environments converging, security concerns relating to devices and applications deployed in networked test labs, especially in T&M environments, are growing. The demands on IT security here are manifold and include, for example, remote access to in-house infrastructures, equipment rented from external providers, and the continuous deployment of devices across different time zones.

18.10.2022

1SL391 audio, breakthrough, ETSI EN 301 489 Audio Breakthrough Assembly and Test Setup 1SL391 audio, breakthrough, ETSI EN 301 489 Related products

11.10.2022 | AN-Nr. 1SL391

The need for an objective evaluation of mobile network quality and performance drives two fundamentally different approaches, crowdsourcing and mobile network testing. The crowdsourcing market is highly saturated. More than 20 companies have a significant focus on crowdsourcing mobile network measurements. To get measurement results, they use different concepts that serve different purposes. This application card describes the structure of the crowdsourcing space and analyzes the pros and cons of both approaches.

06.10.2022

In the satellite sector, components, subsystems and entire satellites must be qualified in a thermal vacuum chamber before they can be used in space. This qualification proves that equipment can not only survive but also function in the harsh conditions encountered during launch and in space.

05.10.2022

Ensures compliance of high speed Ethernet cable assemblies with fast automation and easy testing.

04.10.2022

For measurements of non-connectorized devices, test fixtures, probes or other structures are used to adapt from the coaxial interface of the test setup to the device under test (DUT). For accurate measurements of the DUT, these lead-ins and lead-outs need to be characterized, so that their effects can be mathematically removed, i.e. de-embedded from the measurement results.This application note provides practical hints to accurately characterize and de-embed these lead-in and lead-out structures with R&S Vector Network Analyzers ZNA, ZNB, ZNBT and ZND. As de-embedding is also essential in other test equipment like oscilloscopes, etc., this guide also describes, how lead-ins and lead-outs can be accurately characterized with a VNA and then exported as an S-Parameter file to be used by other test instruments.

19.09.2022 | AN-Nr. 1SL367

This document provides some technical background and guidance on how to optimize the measurement of one of the key performance parameters of WLAN transmitters - the Error Vector Magnitude (EVM).

IEEE 802.11be Extremely High Throughput (EHT), also known as Wi-Fi 7, is the latest amendment of the IEEE 802.11 standard and is still under development. This amendment focuses mainly on improved throughput. To do so, the most notable changes currently implemented are:► New modulation scheme: 4096-QAM (4K-QAM)► Larger bandwidth: 320 MHz► Support for 16x16 MU-MIMO► Enhanced resource allocation in OFDMAThis places special demands on the measurement equipment.

06.09.2022 | AN-Nr. 1EF114

Breitbandverstärker werden benötigt, um die Feldstärken zu erzeugen, die für die meisten Tests der Störfestigkeit gegenüber elektromagnetischen Funksignalen erforderlich sind. Diese Educational Note bietet eine Kurzübersicht über die Rolle von Verstärkern bei EMV-Tests sowie eine Diskussion der Parameter und Merkmale, die den größten Einfluss auf die Leistungen eines Verstärkers haben.Registrieren Sie sich jetzt und laden Sie die Educational Note herunter.

01.08.2022

Damit Anwender rasch unterschiedliche Protokolle erstellen können, bietet ELEKTRA mehrere Möglichkeiten bzw. unterstützt den Nutzer. In dieser Application Note werden die verschiedenen Methoden und ihre jeweiligen Vorteile beschrieben. Es handelt sich nicht um einen Schritt-für-Schritt-Leitfaden, sondern es werden die Bediengrundlagen gezeigt.

27.07.2022 | AN-Nr. 1SL384

Der R&S®CMP200 Radio Communication Tester ermöglicht in Kombination mit dem R&S®CM-Z300A Time-of-Flight-Kit einen exakten Messaufbau für Laufzeitmessungen – für Validierung, Kalibrierung und Zertifizierung.

27.07.2022

HF-Komponenten, On-Wafer, frühzeitige Qualifikation auf Wafer-Ebene, Eine frühzeitige Qualifikation von HF-Komponenten auf Wafer-Ebene sichert die Qualität und spart Geld. On-Wafer-Qualifikation von HF-Komponenten HF-Komponenten, On-Wafer, frühzeitige Qualifikation auf Wafer-Ebene, Eine frühzeitige Qualifikation von HF-Komponenten auf Wafer-Ebene sichert die Qualität und spart Geld. On-Wafer-Qualifikation

14.07.2022

Mit den ständig wachsenden Übertragungsgeschwindigkeiten wird die Signalintegrität bei digitalen Hochgeschwindigkeits-Designs mehr und mehr zu einer Herausforderung.

08.07.2022

The R&S®RF Ports Alignment Software together with the R&S®SMW-K545 option provides a standard and tailored solution for calibrating and aligning the amplitude, group delay and phase between the RF ports of multiple coupled dual-path or single-path R&S®SMW200A vector signal generators. In addition, the R&S®Pulse Sequencer Software supports users to calculate the required signals for interferometric direction finding (DF) test cases. The R&S®SMW200A signal generator hardware together with the aforementioned software packages enables precise angle of arrival (AoA) simulation for testing the true performance of interferometric direction finders or emitter location systems.

08.07.2022

Lösungen und Tipps für NR FR1 im TDD-Downlink-Modus

5G New Radio (NR) ist eine durch 3GPP spezifizierte Funktechnologie und wurde erstmals mit 3GPP Release 15 freigegeben. Sie wurde für drei Anwendungsfälle konzipiert, nämlich Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC) sowie Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC). Betrachtet man diese drei Anwendungsfälle, ist eMBB in der Tat eine Weiterentwicklung der breitbandigen Mobilfunkkommunikation des LTE-Standards. Laut den technischen Leistungsanforderungen, die durch IMT-2020 festgelegt sind, werden durch Einsatz der 5G-Technologie bei eMBB-Applikationen Spitzendatenraten von bis zu 20 Gbit/s im Downlink (DL) bzw. 10 Gbit/s im Uplink erwartet. Zu den typischen Anwendungsfällen von eMBB zählen datenhungrige Applikationen wie hochauflösendes 8K-Videostreaming, Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR) etc.Die Verifizierung von 5G-fähigen Endgeräten (UE) in Bezug auf den maximal erreichbaren Datendurchsatz unter kontrollierbaren und deterministischen Testbedingungen ist ein unverzichtbarer Prozess während der Designphase des Produkts. Eine leistungsorientierte Verifizierung mithilfe einer Identifizierung der Engpässe beim Datendurchsatz und eines Produkt-Benchmarking gegen Referenzgeräte verbessert letztendlich das Benutzererlebnis enorm.In diesem Dokument wird das Hauptaugenmerk auf den 5G-NR-Frequenzbereich 1 (FR1) mit TDD-Gegenbetrieb in der Betriebsart E-UTRAN New Radio Dual Connectivity (ENDC) gelegt. Da die 5G-NR-Bitübertragungsschicht reichlich Flexibilität bietet, besteht die Motivation in diesem Fall darin, eine Art Leitfaden zu den relevanten Parametereinstellungen bereitzustellen, um die maximale Durchsatzkapazität des Messobjekts zu stimulieren. Es wird der Status quo der Lösungen von Rohde & Schwarz zur Zeit der Erstellung der Application Note beschrieben. Der gezeigte Funktionsumfang entwickelt sich kontinuierlich weiter, sodass sich die verwendeten Screenshots und die gezeigten Parameter ändern können.

07.07.2022 | AN-Nr. 1SL379

Erstellen und simulieren Sie detaillierte Verkehrssituationen für die Verifizierung der C-V2X-Konnektivität (C-V2X: V2X über Mobilfunk).

30.06.2022

With all these new flexibilities introduced with 5G, the radio access has become more complex to understand and analyze. More network interfaces and RAN configuration parameters have to be managed and the RAN and in particular the connection control, mobility and measurement reporting are decisive for the network performance. It will be vital for the system experts and radio engineers to gain knowledge and evolve their methods and tools to facilitate the work to optimize and troubleshoot 5G and 4G RAN performance. Thus, tools are needed that allow for easier understanding of the message flows in the radio protocols. The R&S®ROMES4 KPIs and Smart Events will help doing the work much easier and quicker. They are defined for a key set of LTE, EN-DC and NR RRC connection control and mobility procedures where the performance is crucial to achieve high quality network performance. Trouble shooting problematic cases and optimization of RAN protocols are key drivers to improve the mobile network performance with R&S®ROMES4.

28.06.2022 | AN-Nr. 8NT06

Autonome und semiautonome Fahrzeuge vertrauen auf eine komplexe Hardware- und Softwarearchitektur, um Informationen von zahlreichen Radarsensoren zu sammeln und auszuwerten. Für die Sensoren ist ein ungehinderter Blick auf die Umgebung erforderlich, um verlässliche Daten zu generieren. Die vor den Sensoren installierten Stoßfänger und Radome dürfen die Radarfunktionalität nicht beeinträchtigen. Daher sind umfangreiche Tests der eingesetzten Kunststoffteile und ihrer zugrunde liegenden Polymerstruktur notwendig. Der R&S®QAR50 ist das ideale Werkzeug, um die Materialeigenschaften von Polymeren und deren Einfluss auf die Qualität des Radarsignals in der frühen Entwicklungsphase und in der Qualitätskontrolle der Materialentwicklung zu charakterisieren.

24.06.2022

Die validierte UWB-PHY-Testsuite für den R&S®CMP200 Funkkommunikationstester vereinfacht Konformitätstests der Bitübertragungsschicht gemäß den Spezifikationen des FiRa™ Consortium.

21.06.2022

Diese Application Note liefert grundlegende Informationen über die Messung der Einschwingzeit und beschreibt, wie Messungen der Frequenz-Einschwingzeit mit einem modernen Spektrumanalysator samt integrierten Signalanalysefunktionalitäten einfach und komfortabel durchgeführt werden können.Die Messapplikation R&S®FSxx-K7 analoge Demodulation führt Messungen der Einschwingzeit von Frequenz und Phase mithilfe eines modernen Breitbandkonzepts durch. Die Ergebnisse werden dank einer integrierten Messfunktionalität für die Einschwingzeit einfach und komfortabel gewonnen.

18.06.2022 | AN-Nr. 1EF112

Der R&S®CMX500 Radio Communication Tester eignet sich ideal für Tests des maximal möglichen IP-Durchsatzes an Sendern und Empfängern von Mobilfunkgeräten.

13.06.2022

Eine automatisierte Testlösung auf Basis des R&S®CMW Wideband Radio Communication Tester unterstützt vollumfänglich die neuen Testfälle für die Echtzeit-Positionsbestimmung mit einer Genauigkeit im Submeterbereich.

10.06.2022

Noise sources used for noise figure and gain measurements are typically controlled by the spectrum analyzer or noise figure meter instruments and are calibrated with their ENR value (Excess noise ratio). While this external control and the use of ENR values is common in noise figure test, it may be difficult in system applications where the noise source control is not available, and the use of ENR values is replaced with the values for the noise output power of the noise source. The calculation of the output power for the noise source requires to know the P_hot value (hot power) which is not a common specification for noise sources used in test and measurement applications.This application note describes a technique to perform a calibrated noise power measurement (P_hot) with spectrum analyzers and noise sources. The next sections will give further details.

31.05.2022 | AN-Nr. 1EF113

HF-Performance-Messungen für Wi-Fi 7.

30.05.2022

Electronic systems like electronic control units (ECU) must pass several stringent qualification tests in order to be approved for automotive use. These tests include a reverse polarity test which is specified as part of ISO 16750‑2. In line with the specification, the electronic module must withstand a negative supply voltage for a specific time without suffering any damage. The R&S®NGU401 source measurement unit (SMU) is ideal to perform this task, plus it provides automated testing capability.

23.05.2022